NASA eyes nuclear-powered Mars mission by 2028

NASA is planning a groundbreaking Mars mission powered by nuclear technology—marking a major shift from traditional chemical and solar-powered space travel. The proposed mission, potentially launching by 2028, could deploy advanced spacecraft and even helicopter drones to explore the Martian surface more efficiently.

What the mission is about

At the heart of the mission is Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP)—a system that uses a compact nuclear reactor to generate electricity, which then powers highly efficient engines.

Unlike conventional rockets that burn large amounts of fuel in short bursts, NEP provides a steady, long-lasting thrust. This allows spacecraft to:

• Travel farther using less fuel
• Carry heavier scientific payloads
• Operate independently of sunlight

The mission may also demonstrate technologies linked to the Space Reactor-1 (SR-1) concept, helping validate nuclear systems for future deep-space exploration.

Another exciting aspect is the potential deployment of helicopter drones—similar to Ingenuity—that can access difficult terrain on Mars where rovers cannot reach.

How nuclear propulsion works

There are two key nuclear propulsion technologies under development:

1. Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP)

• Uses a nuclear reactor to heat propellant (like hydrogen)
• Produces thrust more efficiently than chemical rockets
• Can be 2–5 times more efficient

2. Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP)

• Generates electricity via a reactor
• Powers ion engines for sustained, efficient travel
• Ideal for long-duration missions

Together, these systems could transform how spacecraft move through space—making missions faster and more flexible.

Why this matters for humans going to Mars

One of the biggest hurdles in sending humans to Mars is travel time—currently 6 to 9 months.

Nuclear propulsion could:

• Reduce journey duration
• Lower astronaut exposure to radiation
• Cut mission costs and risks

DARPA is already collaborating with NASA to test nuclear rocket engines in space, aiming to validate the technology before crewed missions.

As NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy noted, such demonstrations are critical steps toward putting humans on Mars.

A technological breakthrough

This mission is significant because it combines:

• Propulsion (faster travel)
• Power generation (continuous energy supply)
• Exploration capability (advanced robotics like drones)

Unlike solar-powered systems, nuclear power:

• Works regardless of distance from the Sun
• Supports long-duration missions
• Enables exploration in extreme environments

NASA also emphasises the need for “flight-proven” nuclear systems for even more ambitious missions—to planets like Jupiter and Saturn.

The future of space exploration

If successful, this mission could redefine space travel. Nuclear propulsion may become the new standard, enabling:

• Faster interplanetary missions
• More complex scientific exploration
• Eventual human settlements beyond Earth

In simple terms, this isn’t just a mission to Mars—it’s a step toward making deep space more accessible than ever before.